Nussbaum, M. (1999). If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (1993). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Teigen, M. (2000). During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. University of Neuchtel. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. The representation of women in Australia: Meaning and make-believe. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Emerald: Bingley. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. Holst, C. (2014). Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. 5 No. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Citing Literature. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. Pennock, J. R. (1979). Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. Sawer, M. (2002). Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. Ltd. All Rights Reserved. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. Lovenduski, J. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. 1. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). Pages 491-507. Martin, J. R. (1994). The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. Toggle navigation. 9. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. The future of feminism. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. Enter your library card number to sign in. This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. Towards a European union gender equality index. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. Shaw and McKay created common complication hypothesis to explain variety crosswise over neighborhoods. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. Your email address will not be published. Political liberalism. In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Purpose. 1. Princeton: Princeton University Press. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). (pp. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). The current reservation system keeps 13% of vacancies in government sector reserved for SC, 7.5 % for ST and 27.5% for OBC. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Between facts and norms. . State feminism and political representation. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. 1. How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation Tali Mendelberg Princeton University Christopher F. Karpowitz Brigham Young University Nicholas Goedert Washington University in St. Louis Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. to the people they represent. 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in Congress, particularly Democratic women, and this number has increased steadily over the years. She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Reliance on analytical thinki ng. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). View your signed in personal account and access account management features. 8. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log (1982). The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. Reisel, L. (2014). Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Implicit Standards for Evaluating Representatives . The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. ), Redistribution or recognition? This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Caption. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. (1995). There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. Social representation. Democratic legitimacy. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. Founding members of the CBC include John Conyers (D-MI), currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives, Charles Rangel (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm, a founder of the NWPC and the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. (2005a). Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. so that you can track your progress. Advantage. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. There isnt enough research on the subject, with our world Under PR fewer votes are wasted as more peoples preferences are taken into account. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . Such comparative analysis helps for quick understanding and attention. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. Should Congress Look Like America? In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) Currently, forty-six African Americans serve in Congress. October 2004. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. Voet, R. (1992). Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. (2012). This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. (Eds. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. (2004). Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2).